Any parent who has rejoiced at seeing a sonogram showing the image of a second-trimester fetus knows how much it looks like a baby. And any parent who has seen a baby blossom into a vibrant teenage girl can imagine the agony of hearing her plead for help in aborting a pregnancy that she had hidden for three months. But any parent who would know with certainty what to say to that teenage girl must be smarter than I am.

Under "partial-birth" abortion laws adopted by many states, twice passed by Congress, and twice vetoed by President Clinton, one option would apparently be illegal: the most common (by far), and probably the safest, form of second-trimester abortion. That’s the basis of three decisions issued on Sept. 24 by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit, striking down "partial-birth" abortion laws in Nebraska, Iowa, and Arkansas.

The unanimous 8th Circuit rulings — written by a Carter appointee and joined by two Reagan appointees — are the latest in a line of opinions joined by some 26 judges, including 11 Reagan and Bush appointees, suggesting that "partial-birth" abortion laws are unconstitutional. Four judges thus far have suggested the contrary.

Right-to-life advocates have sold much of the public, and many legislators, on the myth that "partial-birth" abortion laws would outlaw only an especially grisly (and rare) way of killing third-trimester fetuses on the verge of birth.

Janet Reno has not been a good Attorney General, in my view. But congressional Republicans keep attacking her so indiscriminately — and for the wrong reasons — that their demands for her head have a suspiciously partisan smell.

The current Republican brief against Reno stresses three main points:

1) The revelation last month that the FBI fired pyrotechnic tear gas grenades during its 1993 assault on the Branch Davidians at Waco — contrary to Reno’s repeated assurances that incendiaries were never used — shows her to be an incompetent, if not a cover-upper.

2) Reno has bungled the investigation into Chinese nuclear spying.

3) Her stubborn refusal to hand over to an independent counsel the investigation into her boss’s 1996 campaign finance scandals was a politically motivated effort to curry favor with the White House.

In fact, Reno’s conduct on these specific fronts is quite defensible, if not always persuasively defended.

Waco. For six years, Reno and her aides assured Congress and the public that the FBI had not used incendiary devices on April 19, 1993, when FBI agents in armored vehicles punched holes and pumped tear gas into the Branch Davidians’ compound, beginning a chain of events that ended with the incineration of about 80 people, including 25 children.

After years of denials, the FBI has been forced to admit that it did fire pyrotechnic tear gas grenades that morning at a concrete bunker 40 yards in front of the wooden compound. While there’s no reason to think that these grenades started the fire — which occurred four hours later — the new evidence raises the possibility of a broader cover-up inside the FBI.

With campaign finance reform headed for the House floor in the next few days — and the Senate floor next month — the likeliest outcome is another dreary partisan stalemate.

One obstacle is the overblown claim by conservative Republicans (and some others) that the proposed reforms would violate the First Amendment. Another is the secret urge of some Democratic incumbents — who pose as reformers — to scuttle any bill that would abolish the flood of "soft money" they have tapped so successfully.

Still, there is a chance that a package of moderate reforms can be cobbled together and enacted. It would probably need three main elements to be both politically viable and worthy of the "reform" label: 1) abolition of the huge soft-money contributions that corporations, unions, and wealthy individuals make to political parties, and that emit such a strong stench of corruption (or at least influence-peddling); 2) a ban on the use of corporate or labor union money to finance so-called "issue advertisements" that support or attack federal candidates within 60 days of an election; and 3) an increase in the inflation-ravaged caps on individual contributions of "hard money," which are the lifeblood of both candidates and parties.

The bill at center stage in the House, sponsored by Reps. Christopher Shays, R-Conn., and Martin T. Meehan, D-Mass., contains the first two of these elements, plus some excess baggage. It passed the House in August 1998 by a vote of 252-179, and it seems fairly likely to pass again.

No, this isn’t about abortion. Or affirmative action. It’s about saving some poor inner-city kids from their dreadful public schools by using tax dollars to give them the option of escaping to better private schools, including religious ones.

Specifically, it’s about whether such tuition "voucher" programs are either 1) an unconstitutional "establishment of religion," as U.S. District Judge Solomon Oliver Jr. of Cleveland suggested on Aug. 24; or 2) a threat to American educational ideals, to the public schools, and to poor children themselves, as President Clinton and many liberals argue.

Judge Oliver, a Clinton appointee, issued a preliminary injunction suspending a voucher program in Cleveland that pays up to $2,250 in tuition costs for low-income elementary school children. Acting on the day before many schools started their fall term, Oliver said the program was probably unconstitutional because more than 80 percent of the money goes to religious schools.

The most moving response was that of Maria Silaghi, a 34- year-old Cleveland house cleaner who is fearful that her 10-year- old son, Anthony, might have to leave his Roman Catholic grammar school:

"Please don’t take this away from us," Silaghi told The New York Times on Aug. 25. "My son needs this. . . I can’t afford to move to the suburbs. . . I’ll work 10 jobs before I send him to the public schools."

On Aug. 27, amid a public outcry, Judge Oliver allowed the program to continue during the first semester for 3,200 students who had received vouchers last year. But he blocked vouchers for 600 to 800 new enrollees, mostly 5-year-olds. And he indicated that he would probably strike the entire program down for good, after a trial in December.

While the national fixation on President Clinton’s impeachment has given way to ennui, Richard A. Posner sees that year-long struggle as "the most riveting chapter of recent American history."
     
And now Posner — who is chief judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit, in Chicago, and one of the nation’s most accomplished and prolific legal scholars — has written the most thoughtful and evenhanded analysis to date of the legal and political crisis. His book — An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton — is to be published in September by Harvard University Press.

With a candor and a biting wit that may jar those who like their federal judges dull and decorous, Posner cuts through the sometimes priggish moralizing of conservative Republicans as well as the partisan cant of liberal Democrats to expose "the failure of the judiciary, the political establishment, the Congress, the legal profession, and the academic community to cope with a novel challenge."

The 266-page narrative offers no revelations. But Posner’s only "source" — the public record — provides what he calls "an enormous challenge to one’s powers of judicious reflection." And while most readers will disagree (as I do) with some of his conclusions, his analyses of the major points in controversy will be edifying to anyone with an open mind.

Posner is often misleadingly branded "conservative" because he was put on the bench by President Reagan (in 1981) and has been the leader of the "law and economics" movement, which holds that law should be shaped by free-market economic theory and cost-benefit analysis. But, in fact, the 60-year-old former University of Chicago law professor is basically a pragmatist with wide-ranging interests and erudition.

To the New Jersey Supreme Court and The New York Times editorial page, the refusal of the Boy Scouts of America to accept avowed homosexuals as Scouts or Scout leaders is a simple matter of "bigotry" — and illegal bigotry at that.
     
To other judges and legal scholars (as well as to the Boy Scouts), it is a matter of First Amendment freedom of association: In their view, states and judges may not force a private, quasi-religious group (like the Scouts) that considers homosexual conduct immoral to admit gays. By designating openly gay adults as Scout leaders, say the Boy Scouts, they would muddy the message they send to youngsters.

To anyone who (like me) supports gay rights, and would like the Boy Scouts to admit gays voluntarily — but who also believes in what Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. called "freedom for the thought that we hate" — the New Jersey lawsuit that may be headed for the U.S. Supreme Court is a hard case.

Do the Scouts have a constitutional right to expel a (hypothetical) 14-year-old boy merely because, on being asked, he admits to having homosexual desires? I would say no, because expulsion would be not only hard on the kid but hardly necessary; to keep the boy would not amount to a symbolic endorsement of homosexuality. Should the Scouts be able to expel a (hypothetical) scoutmaster who has urged his young charges to try engaging in homosexual conduct with one another? I would say yes.

How about an assistant scoutmaster who has proudly become a gay activist in college but has not sought to discuss matters sexual with the Scouts? That’s the New Jersey case, brought by former Eagle Scout James Dale.

It’s easy for conservatives to view with delight all seven of the major Supreme Court decisions since 1992 that have breathed new life into states’ rights. It’s also easy for liberals to view them with dismay.
     
The Court’s own alignments invite ideological polarization: Every one of these states’ rights rulings has been decided by the same 5-4 vote, with the more conservative Justices in the majority and the more liberal ones in dissent.

Still, there is persuasive support among scholars for the view that neither the stock liberal nor the stock conservative approach to issues of federalism has a monopoly on wisdom.

Harvard Law School professor Laurence H. Tribe, a leading liberal, and his conservative colleague Charles Fried, the former Reagan Administration solicitor general, disagree on many things, including some aspects of the Court’s seven-year march down the states’ rights road.

But Tribe and Fried agree on this much: The Court has been on the right track in some of its rulings advancing states’ rights and curbing congressional powers, but has gone too far in others. The Court’s mistakes (in their view, and mine) include the three big June 23 decisions barring most private lawsuits that seek money damages for state violations of acts of Congress — even in cases in which the states have chosen to become competitors in the commercial marketplace, and in which their immunity amounts to an unfair advantage over private competitors, if not an invitation to lawless conduct.

A striking bipartisan consensus has emerged in the House of Representatives on the need to fix one aspect of the ”war” against drugs that has ravaged the lives and liberties of millions of Americans over the past 25 years.

This consensus was reflected in the June 24 vote, 375-48, to reform the draconian laws authorizing prosecutors and police to confiscate and forfeit money and property suspected of involvement in drug dealing and certain other crimes–and to keep the seized assets, in many cases, even after the owners have been exonerated of all charges.

But when it comes to an even more noxious product of the drug war–the barbaric federal and state sentencing laws that have helped triple since 1980 the number of incarcerated Americans, to almost 1.9 million–only 25 of Congress’s 535 members have gotten it right so far.

They are Rep. Maxine Waters, D-Calif., and the 24 others (mostly Congressional Black Caucus members) she has lined up to co-sponsor a bill to abolish the federal laws that establish mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses.

These legally irrational, morally bankrupt statutes, together with their counterparts in the states, have led to the long-term incarceration of small-time, nonviolent offenders by the hundreds of thousands. They have been driven through Congress by a bipartisan stampede in every election year since 1986, as Democrats (including some of those Black Caucus members) have vied with Republicans in a game of phony-tough one-upmanship, with Presidents Reagan, Bush, and Clinton eagerly jumping onto the bandwagon.

Vice President Gore signaled his intention to be part of the problem, not the solution, in a July 12 speech proposing still more mandatory sentences (”tougher penalties”) for all kinds of crimes, along with various (more heavily publicized) gun controls.

The more than 200,000 asbestos lawsuits pending around the nation are proceeding very nicely, in the view of the Association of Trial Lawyers of America–whose members are collecting contingency fees by the billions–and Congress should leave well enough alone.

”The courts are well equipped to handle the pending and future asbestos cases that will require trial,” Richard Middleton of Savannah, the ATLA’s president-elect, assured the House Judiciary Committee at a July 1 hearing on a bill designed to move asbestos compensation claims out of the courts. ”A litigation crisis, as that term is usually understood, does not exist.”

All nine Supreme Court Justices disagree. And the Justices’ three opinions in Ortiz vs. Fibreboard Corp., on June 23, lay down a challenge that Congress should not evade.

”The elephantine mass of asbestos cases . . . defies customary judicial administration and calls for national legislation,” Justice David H. Souter wrote for the Court, while setting aside as multiply flawed a $ 1.5 billion class action settlement of as many as 186,000 potential claims against one company.

The asbestos litigation miasma ”cries out for a legislative solution,” Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist added in a concurrence. Justices Stephen G. Breyer and John Paul Stevens argued in dissent that the class action settlement should have been upheld. But they emphatically agreed that the courts have been overwhelmed by the sheer number of asbestos claims, which raises the specter of ”delay and expense so great as to bring about a massive denial of justice.”

Breyer and Stevens noted in particular a study showing that ”attorney’s fees and other ‘transaction costs’ . . . consume an estimated 61 cents (of each dollar paid by asbestos defendants), with only 39 cents going to victims.”